Formula

European Baby Formulas: What You Need To Know

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Overview

Many American parents willingly pay a premium price for importing European baby formulas because of the perception that these formulas may be better than brands made in the US. (1)

Surprisingly, 20% of the respondents to a 2018 study conducted by the AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) were using imported European infant formulas. Of this number, 33% were using Holle formulas. (2)

Given the recent baby formula shortage crisis and formula recalls, many more parents are turning to European brands like Holle, HiPP, Kendamil, Lebenswert, and Loulouka. 

Is European Baby Formula Better?

Perceived advantages of European brands over American formulas:

  • More options for milk sourced from pasture-raised, grass-fed cows or goats (1)
  • The organic formulas may be of higher quality (1)
  • European Commission regulations are believed to be stricter than those imposed by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (1)
  • Animals are raised in biodynamic farms following ethical practices (3)

Why Is European Formula Not FDA Approved?

But there may be some safety issues with these European brands. Notably, these formulas aren’t regulated by the FDA. (1)(4)

The FDA defines infant formula as a baby food formulated to be like human milk. It’s designed to be a partial or complete substitute for breast milk. So, it should meet certain nutrient specifications. (5)

But US and European formulations may be different due to the variations between the requirements set by the FDA and the European Commission.

For example, many European formulas don’t meet the FDA’s minimum iron content and labeling standards. (1)(4)(6)

Still, European brands may have higher omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) content than American formulas. (1)(4)

So, can European brands live up to your expectations? Are there any formula recalls in the US for these brands? Are there American brands that are comparable to these imported options? Find out below.

European Baby Formulas: Main Similarities & Differences

What Is The Healthiest Formula For Babies?

The following are some of the best organic European baby formula brands you can pick for your baby:

Similarities

  • Formulas with ingredients sourced and produced in Europe
  • Most of the products are organic and are free from GMOs.
  • GMOs (genetically modified organisms) may be linked to allergies, autoimmunity, or reproductive and endocrine system problems. (7)(8)(9)
  • These brands may contain higher DHA and fatty acid levels than American brands due to the European Commission’s regulations. (1)(4)
  • Many of the products from these brands may have lower iron content than US brands. (1)(4)(6)

Product Recalls

HiPP, Holle, Kendamil, & Lebenswert Bioland Recall

Several products from European brands HiPP, Holle, Kendamil, and Lebenswert Bioland were recalled in August 2021 for failing to meet the following FDA requirements: (6)

  • Premarket notifications
  • Iron content
  • Labeling standards

Any company planning to sell a new product in the US must meet federal nutrient requirements and submit premarket notifications to the FDA. But these European brands failed to do so. (5)

According to Holle USA, JSG Organics LLC (one of their US importers) registered the products with the FDA after the recall. Holle products sold through Holle USA are now FDA-approved.

Many of the formulas from these European brands failed to meet the FDA’s iron standard (at least 1 mg per 100 calories). (6)

Iron deficiency anemia can develop if your child doesn’t get enough iron from breast milk, formula, or baby food. It can lead to irreversible learning and cognitive problems. (6)

That’s why the FDA also requires companies to put a label to inform consumers that iron supplementation might be necessary if the formula has low iron content. Again, these European brands failed to put the appropriate labels. (6)

Is European Baby Formula Safe?

The FDA advises parents to stop giving these recalled infant formulas immediately and dispose of them safely.

However, despite the low iron content, these formulas may still be safe for your baby. Check with your pediatrician whether your child needs additional iron supplements.

You can message [email protected] for questions or inquiries about this recall. (6)

Loulouka Recall

  • There’s been no recent recall reported for Loulouka.

Differences

Holle Highlights

  • Holle has A2 cow’s milk, a formulation from a different cow breed used as a source for traditional formulas. It may be ideal if your child has lactose intolerance. (10)
  • It offers goat milk.

HiPP Highlights

  • It has the most product variations among the European brands in our review.
  • It has Dutch, German, and UK combiotic formulas.
  • The brand coined the term “combiotic” or “combiotik” from the combination of prebiotics and probiotics that may promote a healthier digestive system. (11)(12)
  • It also has gentle, hypoallergenic, or acid reflux formulas.

Kendamil Highlights

  • It uses full-cream milk.
  • It’s free from palm oil or fish oil, which might make this ideal for vegetarian diets. Plant-based oils are used as a source of DHA. (4)
  • It offers anti-colic and lactose-free formulas.
  • The brand also has ready-to-feed liquid formulas.
  • It offers a goat’s milk option.

Lebenswert Bioland Highlights

  • It’s free from maltodextrin and starch.
  • It’s Bioland certified, the highest quality and safety certification in Europe.

Loulouka Highlights

  • It has goat’s milk.
  • The brand has many quality and safety certifications.

Formula Products by Holle

Aside from formulas, Holle also produces infant rice and oatmeal cereals.

Is Holle Baby Formula Safe?

Sources & Farm Practices

  • Demeter-certified organic ingredients from biodynamic farm sources where animals are raised following ethical practices
  • Non-GMO products

California-based pediatrician Michelle Perro suggests choosing non-GMO, organic formulas. (8)

She explains that GMOs can be linked to the higher rate of childhood disorders, including autoimmunity, allergies, endocrine disruption, growth failure, and neurological disorders like autism and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). (8)

Certifications

  • Certified organic to EU (European Union) standards.

Other Key Features

  • Cow’s milk and goat’s milk are available.
  • It also has A2 milk from a different cow breed. It contains a different protein from regular formulas that can make it ideal if your child has lactose intolerance. (10)
  • All products have DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and linoleic acids. These fatty acids may improve your baby’s cognitive development. (13)(14)
  • The brand claims to produce high-quality organic infant formulas using sustainable manufacturing practices.
  • BPA-free packaging for all products. BPA (bisphenol-A) is a commonly used toxic industrial chemical that can affect your child’s brain, reproductive system, and behavior. (15)

All formulas are free from:

  • GMOs (genetically modified organisms)
  • Gluten
  • Added sugars
  • Salt (sodium chloride)
  • Soy
  • Corn syrup
  • Pesticides
  • Herbicides
  • Artificial or natural flavorings
  • Artificial preservatives
  • Artificial colors

Cons

Product Recall

  • The brand has products included in the massive Able Groupe recall of European formulas. (6)

Potential Allergens

  • Potential allergens: milk proteins
  • Cow’s milk allergy is caused by your baby’s immune system overreacting to milk proteins. It can lead to allergy symptoms such as wheezing, hives, or trouble breathing. (16)
  • Milk from sheep, goats, and buffalo can also trigger an allergic reaction. (16)(17)

Other Possible Cons & Disadvantages

  • There aren’t any prebiotics or probiotics added to Holle formulas.
  • It’s not a requirement for infant formulas. But many manufacturers add prebiotics and probiotics, which may help improve your baby’s tummy health. (11)(12)
  • The formulas may contain maltodextrin and questionable vegetable oils.

Holle A2 Cow Milk Toddler Drink (Stage 3)Holle Cow Milk Toddler Drink (A2) - Stage 3HOLLE US BUTTONFARMULAND BUTTONAMAZON BUTTONMY ORGANIC COMPANY BUTTON

Best Features & Safety

  • This toddler formula has milk from A2 cows, which have a different type of protein from A1 cow’s milk used in standard formulas. A2 milk may be ideal if your baby has lactose intolerance. (10)
  • A2 milk is thicker and creamier than traditional formula.
  • A2 milk is sourced from a different cow breed.
  • It meets the European Commissions’ DHA and ARA requirements. These fatty acids can help improve your child’s immune system and cognitive function. (14)

Age Range

  • For toddlers one-year-old and up

Formula Ingredients

  • Organic skimmed A2 milk
  • Partly demineralized whey powder
  • Organic vegetable oils (sunflower oil, palm oil, or rapeseed oil)
  • Organic corn maltodextrin
  • Mortierella alpina oil (source of ARA, arachidonic acid)
  • Crypthecodinium cohnii oil (source of DHA, docosahexaenoic acid)

Nutritional Facts

Each serving (3.4 oz) contains:

  • Calories: 276 kJ
  • Total fats: 3.2 g
  • Total carbohydrates: 7.9 g
  • Proteins: 1.3 g
  • Vitamin A: 46.9 mcg
  • Vitamin B6: 0.074 mcg
  • Vitamin C: 15 mg
  • Vitamin D: 1.6 mcg
  • Vitamin E: 1.1 mg
  • Vitamin K: 5.3 mcg
  • DHA: 14.5 mg
  • ARA: 14.5 mg
  • Iron: 0.9 mg
  • Calcium: 50.4 mg

Product Recall

  • None.
  • It wasn’t included in the 2021 Able Groupe recall. (6)

Pros

  • It’s made from the milk of A2 cows, which may be a good choice if your baby has a sensitive tummy or lactose intolerance. (10)

Cons

  • It contains maltodextrin and highly processed vegetable oils.
  • It has palm oil, a common ingredient in formulas that can reduce calcium absorption. (18)

What Customers Say

My lil boy is completely happy with this formula. It smells nice and the consistency is good. I have no doubts about using it.” – Reviewer on Organic Best Shop.

My baby switched from breast milk to this formula and feels great.” – Reviewer on Organic Best Shop.

Formula Products by HiPP

Pros

Sources & Farm Practices

  • Ingredients are from farms that strictly follow EU (European Union) organic farming guidelines.

Certifications

  • All formulas meet EU standards

Other Key Features

  • Milk from grass-fed cows
  • HiPP offers HA (hypoallergenic) and AR (acid reflux) formulas.
  • Many HiPP formulas have “combiotic” or “combiotik” in their names. The brand coined these terms to indicate that their formulas are made of a combination of probiotics and prebiotics. (11)(12)
  • Prebiotics and probiotics can help promote a better digestive system. (11)(12)
  • All formulas are free from GMOs (genetically modified organisms), which may cause allergies, autism, autoimmunity, ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), and growth failure. (8)
  • All formulations have vitamin D and calcium to support your little one’s bone and joint health. (19)
  • The formulas also have vitamins A and C to boost your baby’s immune system function. (19)
  • The products contain fatty acids omega-3 DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and omega-6 ARA (arachidonic acid) that can help promote brain development. (20)

All formulas are free from:

  • GMOs
  • Pesticides
  • Steroids
  • Hormones
  • Toxic chemicals
  • Gluten
  • Peanuts
  • Soy
  • Eggs
  • Starch
  • Added sugars or sucrose
  • Synthetic vitamins and minerals

Cons

Recall

  • Many of its products were recalled by Able Groupe in August 2021. (6)

Potential Allergens

  • Milk

Other Possible Cons & Disadvantages

  • These formulas have palm oil, which can affect calcium absorption and lead to a lower bone density in your baby. (18)

HiPP German Organic Combiotik Infant Milk Formula (Stage 2)MY ORGANIC COMPANY BUTTONORGANICBABY24FORMULAND BUTTONORGANIC BABY FOOD SHOP BUTTON

Best Features & Safety

  • It’s for babies from six months and older.
  • It has combiotics (prebiotics and probiotics) that can help promote a better digestive system and prevent constipation. (11)(12)
  • It’s iron-fortified (1.0 mg per serving or 1.47 mg per 100 calories).

Age Range

  • For six months old and above

Formula Ingredients

  • Organic skimmed milk
  • Organic vegetable oils (palm oil, rapeseed oil, or sunflower oil)
  • Organic whey product
  • Organic lactose
  • Organic starch
  • Galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose as prebiotics
  • Fish oil for fatty acids that can help with brain development (20)
  • Natural lactic acid cultures (Lactobacillus fermentum hereditum) as probiotics

Nutritional Facts

Each serving (3.4 oz) contains:

  • Calories: 285 kJ
  • Total fats: 3.7 g
  • Total carbohydrates: 7.2 g
  • Added sugars: 0 g
  • Fibers: 0.4 g
  • Proteins: 1.3 g
  • Vitamin A: 56 mcg
  • Vitamin B6: 0.042 mcg
  • Vitamin C: 10 mg
  • Vitamin D: 1.6 mcg
  • Vitamin E: 0.80 mg
  • Vitamin K: 3.1 mcg
  • DHA: 13.6 mg
  • Linoleic acid: 0.42 mg
  • Omega-3 fatty acids: 0.06 g
  • Iron: 1.0 mg
  • Calcium: 70 mg

Product Recall

  • It has 1 mg of iron per serving or 1.47 mg per 10 calories and meets the FDA’s iron requirements. But it’s still included in the 2021 Able Groupe recall for failure to comply with premarket notifications. (6)

Pros

  • It features prebiotics and probiotics that may help improve digestion and prevent constipation. (11)(12)

Cons

  • This formula had a recall. (6)
  • It contains questionable, highly processed vegetable oils.
  • It contains palm oil, a formula ingredient that can reduce calcium absorption. (18)

What Customers Say

I have tried numerous formulas for my reflux baby. Finally at 8 months old I found this. His spit up has decreased by 95%. Amazing.” – Reviewer on Formuland.

There is no way to air seal it with this sticker you provide and my infant got diarrhea after one week of making formula from this bag that could not be air sealed.” – Reviewer on Formuland.

Formula Products by Kendamil

The following are the products made by Kendamil:

The brand also produces infant cereals.

Pros

Sources & Farm Practices

  • Biodynamic farms in different parts of Europe

Other Key Features

  • The products are made from full-cream milk from grass-fed cows.
  • According to the brand, they’re using full-cream milk for a more naturally-derived fat source that reduces the need for palm oils, processed vegetable oils, fish oils, or oil additives.
  • The brand offers veggie-friendly formulas that may be 100% free from fish oils.
  • The brand offers both organic and classic (non-organic) formulas.

All formulas are free from:

  • Palm oil
  • Added sugars
  • Maltodextrin
  • Wheat
  • Gluten
  • Soy
  • Synthetic preservatives
  • Fish oils

Cons

Recall

  • Its organic formulas were included in the 2021 Able Groupe recall. (6)

Potential Allergens

  • Milk

Other Possible Cons & Disadvantages

  • The formulas tend to be frothier than others because of their full-cream milk formulation.
  • Kendamil suggests mixing the formula (with a spoon) instead of shaking to reduce the amount of foam.

Kendamil Medi+ Lactose FreeKendamil Medi+ Lactose Free

Best Features & Safety

  • It’s vegetarian-friendly and free from fish oil.
  • It has DHA fatty acids sourced from locally-available plants.
  • It has taurine, which can support your baby’s nerve growth and important heart or brain functions. (21)(22)

Formula Ingredients

  • Whey protein concentrate (from milk)
  • Dehydrated milk fat
  • Dried glucose syrup
  • Vegetable oils (sunflower, coconut, or canola)
  • Calcium caseinate (from milk)
  • Nucleotides
  • Taurine

Nutritional Facts

Each serving (3.38 fl oz) contains:

  • Calories: 275 kJ
  • Total fats: 3.5 g
  • Total carbohydrates: 7 g
  • Proteins: 1.4 g
  • Vitamin A: 54 mcg
  • Vitamin C: 13.5 mg
  • Vitamin D: 1.5 mcg
  • Vitamin E: 1.7 mg
  • Iron: 0.8 mg
  • Calcium: 47 mg
  • Potassium: 84 mg

Product Recall

  • It has low iron content but wasn’t included in the 2021 Able Groupe recall in the US. (6)

Pros

  • It’s free from palm oil, maltodextrin, gluten, soy, or synthetic preservatives.
  • It’s a lactose-free formulation that may be ideal if your baby is sensitive to this sugar type.

Cons

  • It may not be easy to find in the US, and Kendamil’s official website indicates that they don’t ship directly to US addresses.
  • It has processed vegetable oils and glucose syrup.
  • It has a lower iron level than the FDA requirement. But this product may still be safe for consumption. Just make sure to check with your baby’s pediatrician for possible iron supplementation.

What Customers Say

Definitely recommend it after almost 3 weeks on medication for her constipation we have officially stopped it as her bowel movements are almost back to normal without the need for it since using this formula.” – Reviewer on Kendamil’s website.

This is really great for those babies who can’t quite adjust to lactose just yet.” – Reviewer Kendamil’s website.

Formula Products by Lebenswert Bioland

These are the products offered by Lebenswert Bioland:

The brand also offers whole-grain porridge and pureed baby foods.

Pros

Sources & Farm Practices

  • Biodynamic farms

Certifications

  • Bioland certification, which is stricter than European Commission standards (23)

Other Key Features

  • It follows sustainable farming and production.
  • All products are organic.

All formulas are free from:

  • Chemical-synthetic fertilizers
  • Additives such as flavorings, colorings, or preservatives
  • Artificial fertilizer
  • Maltodextrin
  • Starch
  • Added sugars
  • Gluten

Cons

Recall

  • It’s among the brands with products recalled by Able Groupe in 2021. (6)

Potential Allergens

  • Milk

Other Possible Cons & Disadvantages

  • The brand has limited options or variations for its products.

Lebenswert Anfangsmilch Organic Infant Milk Formula (Stage 1)ORGANICBABY24FORMULAND BUTTONMY ORGANIC COMPANY BUTTONORGANIC BABY FOOD SHOP BUTTON

Best Features & Safety

  • The formulas use organic vegetable oils and essential fatty acids.
  • It may be easier to digest by sensitive tummies.

Formula Ingredients

  • Organic whey powder (partially demineralized)
  • Organic skim milk
  • Organic vegetable oils (organic palm oil, rapeseed oil, or sunflower oil)
  • Organic lactose
  • Fish oil

Nutritional Facts

Each serving (3.4 oz) contains:

  • Calories: 67 kcal
  • Total fats: 3.6 g
  • Total carbohydrates: 7.4 g
  • Proteins: 1.3 g
  • Vitamin A: 51.7 mcg
  • Vitamin C: 7.7 mg
  • Vitamin D: 1.6 mcg
  • Vitamin E: 1.5 mcg
  • Iron: 0.59 mg
  • Calcium: 65.6 mg
  • Potassium: 87.1 mg

Age Range

  • From newborn to six months old

Product Recall

  • It’s among the recalled Able Groupe products in August 2021. (6)

Pros

  • It’s free from maltodextrin, starch, or added sugars.

Cons

  • It only contains 0.59 mg of iron per serving or 0.88 mg per 100 calories. But your baby’s doctor can recommend iron supplements to meet their daily nutritional needs. (6)
  • It has been recalled. (6)
  • It has palm oil (which may affect calcium absorption) and other processed vegetable oils. (18)

What Customers Say

My baby loved this formula. She had zero gas pain while she was on this. Her movements were a smooth consistency.” – Reviewer on My Organic Company.

The list of ingredients is 100% cleaner than anything you can buy in the USA! I love what the company stands for.” – Reviewer on My Organic Company.

Formula Products by Loulouka

These are the products offered by Loulouka:

The brand also offers baby food.

Pros

Sources & Farm Practices

  • Grass-fed cows from biodynamic farms

Certifications

  • ISO certification 22000 – food safety management system processes
  • European organic certification
  • Swiss organic regulations
  • Swiss organic farming regulations
  • SKAL certification for organic products
  • HACCP certification
  • Suisse Guarantee certification
  • Switzerland – US equivalence regime

Other Key Features

  • The formulas contain DHA for your baby’s brain development. (14)

All formulas are free from:

  • Artificial colors, aromas, or flavors
  • Preservatives
  • GMOs
  • Palm oil
  • Soy
  • Tree nuts
  • Gluten
  • Egg
  • Fish
  • Peanuts
  • Crustaceans

Recall

  • None

Cons

Potential Allergens

  • Milk

Other Possible Cons & Disadvantages

  • Many of their products don’t meet the FDA’s iron minimum requirements.
  • No prebiotics or probiotics. (11)(12)

Loulouka Goat Milk Formula (Stage 1)MY ORGANIC COMPANY BUTTON

Best Features & Safety

  • Sourced from pasture-raised, grass-fed Swiss goats in Switzerland
  • 100% vegetarian DHA from algae to support brain health (14)
  • The brand claims that this formulation is close to breast milk in composition and texture.
  • Its proteins can be easier to digest in sensitive tummies.
  • It can be suitable for vegetarians.

Formula Ingredients

  • Organic whole goat milk
  • Lactose (milk)
  • Vegetable oils (sunflower or rapeseed)
  • Microalgae (for DHA)

Nutritional Facts

Each serving (3.4 fl oz) contains:

  • Calories: 284 kJ
  • Total fats: 3.5 g
  • Total carbohydrates: 7.6 g
  • Proteins: 1.4 g
  • Vitamin C: 10.6 mg
  • Vitamin D: 1.7 mcg
  • Vitamin E: 1.8 mg
  • Iron: 0.7 mg
  • Calcium: 65 mg
  • Potassium: 84 mg

Product Recall

  • None

Pros

  • It’s free from palm oil, corn syrups, glucose syrups, and added sugars.
  • This non-GMO formula is also free from maltodextrin, which may be hard to break down by sensitive tummies.

Cons

  • Its iron content is lower than the FDA’s requirement of 1 mg per 100 calories.
  • It has vegetable oils.
  • It’s not lactose-free.

What Customers Say

My son seems to really like Loulouka.” – Reviewer on My Organic Formula.

I am shocked what a positive result this formula gave to my child. She has no problems with her tummy, so I’m completely satisfied.” – Reviewer on Organic Best Shop.

Summary & Recommendation

Which European brands can be the right choice for your baby? Here are our recommendations:

Choose Holle if:

  • You want to find goat’s milk or A2 cow’s milk options for your baby. (10)
  • You don’t mind that the formulas may contain maltodextrin and processed vegetable oils.

Choose HiPP if:

  • You want to choose from more formula variations.
  • You’re looking for gentle, hypoallergenic, or acid reflux formulas.
  • You prefer a product with a combination of prebiotics and probiotics. (11)(12)
  • You don’t mind that the products have palm oil, which may reduce calcium absorption. (18)
  • You don’t mind having processed vegetable oils and fish oils.

Choose Kendamil if:

  • You prefer formula from full-cream milk that’s free from palm oil or fish oil.
  • You want options for anti-colic, lactose-free, and ready-to-feed liquid formulas.
  • You’re looking for goat’s milk.
  • You don’t mind that the products are frothier than other formulas and may contain processed vegetable oils.

Choose Lebenswert Bioland if:

  • You prefer formulas free from maltodextrin, starch, or added sugars.
  • You’re looking for a formula with the highest quality and safety certification in Europe.
  • You don’t mind a formula with palm oil. (18)

Choose Loulouka if:

  • You’re looking for vegetarian-friendly goat’s milk.
  • You prefer a brand with many quality and safety certifications.

US-Made “European” Organic Baby Formula

  • Bobbie Organic Infant Formula is a newly released American formula that claims to be a “European-style” formula. It has similar nutritional content as formulas from the US.

 

 

References

(1) https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/us-parents-european-baby-formula/

(2) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32146831/

(3) https://www.demeter.net/biodynamics/animal-husbandry/

(4) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31107795/

(5) https://www.fda.gov/food/people-risk-foodborne-illness/questions-answers-consumers-concerning-infant-formula#1

(6) https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls-market-withdrawals-safety-alerts/able-groupe-recalling-products-labeled-infant-formula-formulas-have-insufficient-iron-levels

(7) https://www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/what-is-gmo/

(8) https://www.greenamerica.org/blog/downsides-gmo-infant-formula-we-asked-pediatrician

(9) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18989835/

(10) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4818854/

(11) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25535999/

(12) https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/formula-feeding/Pages/Probiotics-in-Infant-Formula.aspx

(13) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12630150/

(14) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29413359/

(15) https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/bpa/faq-20058331

(16) https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/milk-allergy.html

(17) https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/milk-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375101

(18) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16582027/

(19) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/weaning-and-feeding/vitamins-for-children/

(20) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362904/

(21) https://www.cochrane.org/CD006072/NEONATAL_effect-of-taurine-supplementation-on-growth-and-development-in-preterm-or-low-birth-weight-infants

(22) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9635063/

(23 ) https://www.bioland.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Verband/Dokumente/Richtlinien_fuer_Erzeuger_und_Hersteller/Bioland_Standards_2019-11-25.pdf

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